2025 Scholarly Forum Agenda

April 9th 2025

Beulah Williams Library

Opening Remarks and Oral Presentations, Round Room

1:00 Provost Mike Wanous, Opening remarks

1:10 Jenna G. Helms, Jessica L Downs-Talmage: On track dynamics: Examining hip range of motion and strength in track and field athletes.

1:20 Karli Klein, Amy Dolan, and Eric Pulis: Molecular Detection of Haemogregarina spp. from Painted Turtle (Chrysemys pica) Blood

1:30 Kaden Boettcher, Nick Hogan, Donovan Knect: Off Campus Living Behaviors

1:40 Andi Mehrer, Carter Moller, Kyanna Collymore: Groceries Impulsiveness, Brand Loyalty and Frugality

1:50 Katelyn Witte, Amy Dolan, Eric Pulis:  Examining the prevalence of Haemogregarina spp. in Chrysemys picta.

2:00-3:00 Poster Session

 Presenters and Titles Listed below

Oral Presentations Continued: Round Room

3:00 Kayleen Hermans : Fun Through the Ages

3:10 Rylie Reading, George Nora, Eric Pulis: Avian Chemotaxonomy: A comparative analysis of muscle, hepatic, nervous, and renal tissue chemical profiles in South Dakota Galliformes.

3:20 Ella Blake, Caden Robbins, WonHui Moon: Soda Consumer Behavior Project 

3:30 Alexis Martin: The Emotional Impact of Music in the Film Industry

3:40 Jessica Bertsch: Burnout Among College Students

3:50 Joshua Wakefield: Developing a Digestion Method for Elm River Fish to Assess Mercury Levels by ICP-OES

4:00 Jaron Gross: Building Harmony: Creating a Strong Foundation for the Music Educator

4:10 Chit Snow: Rethinking Testing: Addressing the Bias in Learning Disability Evaluations for English Language Learner Student.

4:20 Christian T. Wells: The Discovery of Promising Macrolide Antibiotic Molecules through Nucleophilic Addition Reactions with H NMR and C NMR Verification

4:30 Matt Scepaniak: Managing Conflict in Sports: Exploring conflict resolution strategies in High School Coaches

4:40  Simon M Bickford: Spatial analysis of neuronal p-tau protein aggregation post-axonal injury: a basis for the understanding of tauopathy progression

Poster, Art, and Creativity Presentations: Authors and titles

Andy Blazevich, Daniel Sedlacek, Ryoma: Phones

Madalyn Bettmann, Ana Cardinal, EmmaLeigh Cass: Consumer Behavior Towards Fast Food Restaurants

Teagan Block, Michael Hurlbert, Brady Neys: Why Consumers Choose Energy Drinks.

Zoe M. Boughton, Eric E. Pulis: Molecular detection of haemosporidians from some South Dakota upland game birds

Maddelyn Bragg, Olivia Hanson, Elinor Sayers: Consumer Behavior: The Consumption of Coffee

Miah Burkhalter, Jessica Talmage: Changes in Force Production Across Spring Season Training Timepoints in Female Collegiate Soccer Athletes

Kami Cornemann: Mindfulness and Its Effects on Attention and Stress Management in Middle School Students: Evaluating a School Counseling Program

Mia Fursedonne, Chelsee Shortt: Wolves Wellness Workshops

Grant Gubrud, Advisor Jon Mitchell:  Biofilm modeling of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans on Soft Hydrogel Contact Lenses

Brent Hokeness, Jessica Talmage: Impact of Fatigue on Performance: Vertical Jump Performance Across a Baseball Offseason

Rico Imus:  Paper Crane

Eva C. Larson, Jessica L. Downs-Talmage, Chelsee A. Shortt: Risk of ACL tears in injured vs non-injured female college soccer players.

Andi Mehrer, Carter Moller, Kyanna Collymore: Groceries Impulsiveness, Brand Loyalty and Frugality

Stella Meier: Rhetorical Shields: The Shaping of Qualified Immunity by the United States Supreme Court

Abby Meister, Chelsee Shortt: Physical Activity and Nutrition opportunities at NSU.

Brennan Phillips, Drew Benson, Hunter Brown: Consumer Behavior

Morgan Sheldon, Eric Pulis, George Nora: Heavy metal contamination using ICP-OES Analysis in Moccasin Creek Aberdeen, South Dakota.

Alexus N. Townsend and Jessica L. Downs- Talmage: Hot vs. cold bath on ankle mobility and vertical jump performance of collegiate atheletes. 

Andy Blazevich:

The mobile phone industry is evolving very rapidly due to new technologies as well as changing consumer preferences. Our survey explores how people adopt new phone features with a focus on three key factors: how features are labeled, how new technologies can spread, and how much brand loyalty influences buying choices. When companies use a clear and catchy name for features, consumers are more likely to take an interest in it. Early adopters also play a significant role in making new technologies become mainstream. Strong brand connections can keep people loyal to their favorite phone brands. In order to understand these different trends, we conducted a survey asking people about their smartphone preferences, upgrade habits, and different feelings toward new technology. The survey also measured how much people connect with their phone brand and what kind of things influence their purchase decisions. Our findings suggest that giving features recognizable names makes them more attractive, early adopters influence wider acceptance as well as strong brand loyalty, keeping customers coming back. Price, brand reputation, and innovation also play a huge role in purchasing decisions. These insights can help smartphone companies introduce different and new features in ways that truly connect with consumers.

Madalyn Bettmann, Ana Cardinal, EmmaLeigh Cass: Consumer Behavior Towards Fast Food Restaurants

Our topic is fast-food restaurants. This consumption is important to analyze in order to obtain a better understanding of cultural and behavioral insights, economic influence, and nutritional awareness. We think there are three key influences on consumer behavior: nostalgia, general self-control and promotions also influence individuals fast food purchasing habits. We referenced online websites discussed in class to help us form questions pertaining to our influences. That being said, we put together a survey of roughly 21 questions for individuals to take. In this survey there are on average seven questions targeting each influence. Our expected results are that people base their decision on which fast food restaurants to eat heavily based on coupon proneness, while showcasing that the general public make their fast food eating decisions more impulsively than not. But not all of the time, these decisions are based on factors that relate back to nostalgia. Coupon proneness is a widely-accepted factor in society and many people, especially college students. Impulsive buying, along with the concept of “treating yourself” every once in a while, which can turn into a lot more often. Nostalgia plays a part in everyday life for many people. Food is a popular way of making memories not only with loved ones, but also as a way to show what one grew up experiencing, it just may me more of a subconscious role than an intentional one. Our findings can help any business in the fast-food industry. These insights will help fast-food companies identify the reasons behind customer reactions to their products and services, allowing them to refine their marketing strategies and enhance customer satisfaction. Additionally, this research enables us to gather valuable data from a wide range of demographics, shedding light on varying consumer preferences, purchasing habits, and emerging trends within the fast-food industry. 

Teagan Block, Michael Hurlbert, Brady Neys: Why Consumers Choose Energy Drinks

Energy drink consumption has been on the rise in recent years. For many consumers, it is an extra boost in their day to help them get things done. Looking at the concepts of negative reinforcement, impulsivity, and brand loyalty, we aim to find out why the average Joe is buying more and more energy drinks. To conduct this research, we have generated an interview, based on eleven questions to find out how these three concepts influence consumers every day in regard to energy drink consumption. The three of us aim to interview 4-5 individuals each, in hopes to gather around fifteen responses to help us gather insight to this energy drink consumption. We believe that we will find that many people purchase energy drinks in hopes to rid themselves of unwanted stimuli, backing up the idea that negative reinforcement is a big driver for consumers to buy and drink an energy drink. Also, we believe that many people buy these drinks on a whim, perhaps when they see them in a light up refrigerator display near the check-out of a grocery store or gas station, backing up our idea that many people consume energy drinks on impulse. Brand loyalty is another influence we have seen in our day to day lives that we believe impacts energy drink consumption, and we aim to see if this is true by asking people why they stick to one brand over others and what, if anything, could make them jump over to a different brand. The importance as to why consumers consume energy drinks the way that they do is simple. We want to know why people choose an energy drink, and how this affects their lives. We are looking to see if this has a positive or negative perceived impact on whoever is using an energy drink. It will be very interesting to see how these consumers are affected by negative reinforcement, brand loyalty, and impulsivity when it comes time to purchase an energy drink.

Zoe M. Boughton, Eric E. Pulis: Molecular detection of haemosporidians from some South Dakota upland game birds

Avian haemosporidian parasites (Apicomplexa) are a diverse group of blood parasites that infect many bird species. Haemosporidians are vectored by blood feeding insects and use vertebrates as the intermediate host. Upland game birds are an economically and ecologically important group that have not been extensively studied on the northern plains for haemosporidian parasites. To better understand the prevalence and diversity of these parasites we screened tissue samples from greater prairie chickens (Tympanuchus cupido), sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus), and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) that were donated by hunters. qPCR was utilized to screen samples for the presence parasite nuclear DNA. Extracts that indicated the presence of parasite DNA were amplified using a nested PCR protocol with primers primer sets specific for Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus/Plasmodium. Results suggest that haemosporidians may be common in phasianids in South Dakota. Sequences generated from these samples will be compared with accessioned sequences in GenBank and the MalAvi database to identify lineages. Data generated from this study will be useful in understanding the diversity and ecology of blood parasites in South Dakota gamebird populations.

Maddelyn Bragg, Olivia Hanson, Elinor Sayers: Consumer Behavior: The Consumption of Coffee

The topic our group chose to analyze consumer behavior is coffee. The delicious caffeinated beverage is loved by many who love its side effects, taste, and warmth. Three methodology themes we explored with the consumption of coffee are needs vs. wants, addictive consumption, and luxury. Many consumers believe that they “need” coffee to get through their day, but do they need the beverage, or is it a want? Caffeine is a highly addictive stimulant that works by blocking the effects of a chemical in your brain that promotes sleep, hence the drive and jitters you get from it. Luxury coffee brands have emerged over the years, such as Starbucks, causing a societal need for these luxurious brands that consumers want to associate themselves with to look better to others. For the sake of our research, we decided to conduct an online survey for the general public to take. We are targeting people who enjoy coffee, and they understand what they like about it and what they do not like about it. The questionnaire is roughly 25 questions including, but not limited to true or false, open-ended, and multiple choice questions. The questionnaire also asks the participant their age, occupation, and gender, therefore, we can group the results into different categories to simplify the analyzation process. Our hypothesis with this study is that people who consume coffee, especially those who like bigger brand coffees (i.e., Starbucks), do not care about the price or reasoning behind their purchase; they will buy it regardless. These potential findings can be used for all coffee producers, such as smaller coffee shops and larger coffee brands. These producers can understand the reasoning behind exactly why people buy coffee at shops versus at home or where the “line” is for how much someone will be willing to purchase a cup of coffee.

Miah Burkhalter, Jessica Talmage: Changes in Force Production Across Spring Season Training Timepoints in Female Collegiate Soccer Athletes

As sports have become a year-round investment, it is important that teams have different training intensities throughout the year. During pre-season, when the load will be the highest, is when you tend to see increased injury due to fatigue and overuse. During the spring season for soccer, there is two phases. One phase where they are only allowed 8 hours of soccer related activities per week and a second phase where it increases to 15 hours per week. It can be hypothesis that injury and fatigue would vary during these phases. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of varying training loads on force production during a vertical jump in 17 Northern State University women’s soccer team athletes over the course of their spring season. Participants performed two vertical jumps on Bertec force plates. Testing was conducted at three distinct points in the season: early in the spring training period, at the conclusion of the NCAA-regulated 8-hour training weeks, and after several weeks of the intensified 15-hour/week training schedule. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) will be used to determine any differences in force production between the timepoints. It is hypothesized that the athletes will have greater force output at the conclusion of the 8-hour training weeks due to positive training adaptations from their strength and conditioning program. The findings will provide insight into how varying training loads can influence power development. If coaches and other medical staff can understand the relationship between training intensity, force output, and injury susceptibility, they will be able to make informed decisions about how they schedule their time with the athletes. This research ultimately has the goal of enhancing the effectiveness of strength and conditioning programs while promoting player health and performance sustainability throughout the competitive season.

Kami Cornemann: Mindfulness and Its Effects on Attention and Stress Management in Middle School Students: Evaluating a School Counseling Program 

This research project aims to evaluate the impact of a mindfulness-based program within a school counseling framework on improving attention and reducing stress among middle school students. Middle school is a critical period where students face academic, social, and emotional challenges that can contribute to stress and difficulties in maintaining focus. By incorporating mindfulness techniques—such as breathing exercises, meditation, and guided imagery—into the school counseling program, this project seeks to promote emotional regulation and attention management. The researcher implemented a 6 weeks mindfulness group in a rural school district in eastern SD. By engaging in structured mindfulness activities, middle school students have developed greater self-regulation, emotional resilience, and focus, which can positively impact their academic performance and overall well-being. Beyond individual benefits, this research contributes to the broader scientific understanding of how mindfulness-based interventions support adolescent development, particularly within school counseling programs. Findings may help educators and mental health professionals implement evidence-based strategies to foster students' emotional and cognitive well-being, ultimately promoting healthier learning environments and long-term academic success.

Mia Fursedonne, Chelsee Shortt: Wolves Wellness Workshops

Mental health issues are increasing among student-athletes, including anxiety, depression, and mental exhaustion. According to a survey conducted by the NCAA, the study indicates that the rates remain 1.5 – 2 times higher than before COVID-19. Dr Shortt and I worked together within the athletic department and the mental health initiative to provide student-athletes with resources and information regarding important topics within Sports psychology including but not limited to coping with injury, self-talk, sleep, pressure etc. Research was conducted to understand the popularity of current topics and what more we could do at NSU. Being knowledgeable within these topics can help reduce the stigma surrounding mental health issues for student-athletes. 

Grant Gubrud, Advisor Jon Mitchell: Biofilm modeling of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans on Soft Hydrogel Contact Lenses

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans dominate microbial keratitis formation when contacts are worn improperly or not cleaned for an extended period. Leading to extensive damage to the cornea via scarring or ulcers. Along with an increased risk of recurring infections and possible vision loss. Using P. aeruginosa and C. albicans as model organisms to understand the biofilm production on contact lenses. Understanding biofilm production will give manufacturers a better grasp of the origin and functions of microbial pathogen interaction with lens material. Utilization of homologous tears as a bacterial suspension to form a biofilm on the lens that can be studied in vitro. Adherence of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans can be utilized as a model to examine the interactions of hydrogel lenses and the biofilm morphologies adhered to contact lenses by microbial pathogens. To form biofilms, lenses were incubated for varied periods (12, 24, 48, and 72 hours). After the indicated time, lenses are shaken via agitation, as this is an effective method to remove adhered bacteria. Once removed from hydrogel lenses, the colonies are plated to trypticase soy agar plates. Once incubation occurs, colonies are examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Varying in both morphological and cell density, all lenses were subject to SEM for examination.  Indicating an extensive network of microbial organismal matter and microbial colony formation on lenses with exponential growth within the early incubation hours with tapering growth and flattening as incubation continued. 

Brent Hokeness, Jessica Talmage: Impact of Fatigue on Performance: Vertical Jump Performance Across a Baseball Offseason

Vertical jump testing has become a popular assessment for gauging athletic performance in both team sports as well as individual sports. By utilizing force plates, sports scientists and coaches are able to gather more metrics than just jump height from a vertical jump test. The metric used for analysis in this study is ground reaction force (GRF). Previous research has shown the importance of force production in baseball hitters.1 Additionally, previous research has shown the importance of adequately recovering from training and games, in order to maximize performance.2 The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of training on collegiate baseball players over the course of an offseason (September to January). Thirty-six collegiate baseball players were recruited for this study. Participants performed two countermovement jumps on force plates, both at the start of their training in September, and following Christmas break in January. Peak GRF for each leg was collected for analysis. A paired samples t-test was used to investigate changes between time points in GRF for each leg. A significant increase in stride leg GRF from time point 1 to time point 2 was found (t(35) =-2.170, p=.037). There was not a significant difference in drive leg GRF (p=.202). The results of this study show an improvement in peak GRF in the stride leg throughout the course of the offseason. This increase has been shown to be linked to improved performance; therefore, proper offseason training should be emphasized in collegiate baseball players, in order to maximize performance.

Rico Imus: Paper Crane 

Paper has a way of coming to life with just a few folds. What starts as a flat sheet can transform into something completely different like the giant paper crane I made for my sculpture class last semester. Inspired by artists like Sipho Mabona and Cristian Marianciuc, known for their intricate contemporary paper sculptures, I’ve been exploring how paper can be more than just a surface. I’ve applied structure, movement, and even emotion to my work. With the $1000 grant I received, I stocked up on all kinds of paper, wooden dowels for support, and other materials to bring my ideas to life. I’m also experimenting with incorporating motors into my sculptures. Every fold, cut, and crease feels like a new experiment, pushing the limits

Eva C. Larson, Jessica L. Downs-Talmage, Chelsee A. Shortt: Risk of ACL tears in injured vs non-injured female college soccer players

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a major ligament in the knee, connecting the femur to the fibula. ACL injuries are seen at a higher rate, 2-8 times more in females than males. Although ACL tears are seen most in contact sports, most ACL tears are non-contact injuries suggesting there are strategies to help prevent these injuries. Athletes are at greatest risk for an ACL tear during in-season when the physical load is highest as the body becomes fatigued. Fatigue can heighten bilateral strength and antagonists/agonist differences, increasing the risk. Athletes with a previous knee injury are at higher risk for a repeat injury. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether previously injured individuals have higher risk factors for an ACL tear during in-season competition when the body is fatigued. 12 female collegiate soccer players were tested on the Biodex Isokinetic Machine during their 2024 fall season. Athletes were grouped by a two-year injury history (injured/non-injured). Each athlete went through two different bilateral knee flexion/extension resistance exercises, 5 repetitions at 180 deg/s and 15 repetitions at 300 deg/s. Descriptive analysis included average power, total work, and peak torque for knee flexion and extension for the injured/non-injured groups. Descriptively the non-injured group had greater bilateral peak torque, average power, and total work at both speeds for the hamstrings (see Table 1). The injured group showed greater values in peak torque, average power, and total work for the quadriceps bilaterally at both speeds. Additionally, the injured group showed some greater deficits between right and left in extension and flexion measurements (see Table 1). The injured group had lower numbers in flexion peak torque, average power, and total work than the non-injured group. Even if an athlete is clear to play, continuing rehab and strength exercises are important to help minimize strength imbalances.

Andi Mehrer, Carter Moller, Kyanna Collymore: Groceries Impulsiveness, Brand Loyalty and Frugality

This study examined grocery shopping behaviors. Specifically, it explored three key influences on consumer decision making: financial constraints, promotional strategies and brand perceptions. The research seeks to understand how consumers prioritize grocery purchases whether they use impulse buying, brand loyalty or frugality. To gather insights, a survey has been conducted assessing the respondents based on these three theories. Consumers on a budget prioritize essential grocery items while impulse buying is expected based on in-store promotions leading to unplanned purchases. Additionally, while some shoppers prefer well-known national brands, many may choose based on affordability and quality rather than brand recognition alone. Understanding consumer grocery shopping habits can benefit both marketers and shoppers. Consumers can use these insights to develop better budgeting and shopping strategies while retailers can tailor promotional efforts to influence purchasing decisions. The expected findings would suggest which individuals utilize any or all of the three influences of consumer behavior mentioned as well as contribute a better understanding of these habits.

Stella Meier: Rhetorical Shields: The Shaping of Qualified Immunity by the United States Supreme Court

Our understanding of qualified immunity comes mainly from intense discourse on the constitutional basis and legality of the doctrine. Existing scholarship emphasizes the purview of judicial review and the “compromise” reached by immunity between civil rights activists and those who object to constraints placed on government officials (Chen 2018). The issue this research attempts to resolve, then, is not the legal foundation of qualified immunity but rather the fact that it doesn’t appear in the Constitution. While there is extensive research on the justifications behind judicial review, there is very little understanding of how the Court creates and develops a doctrine. By analyzing Supreme Court cases on qualified immunity from 1967 to 2024, this study will break down the rhetorical arguments of the Supreme Court and track the development of immunity, in order to understand how the Supreme Court is able to not only create legal principles, but also substantiate them through argument. This research will compare the argumentative methods of the Supreme Court to rhetorical principles of the time and track the development of principles through those arguments. The aim of this research is to potentially demonstrate how once the Supreme Court introduces a principle, it no longer needs to justify it because it has become a judicial precedent. Once these rhetorical principles have been identified, future research can explore the logical reasoning behind judicial precedent.

Abby Meister, Chelsee Shortt: Physical Activity and Nutrition opportunities at NSU

College is a time where young adults gain independence and begin making lifestyle choices on their own. Students can develop practices and habits that will remain with them throughout their lives, so it is important to make sure those habits are healthy and effective. Northern State University plays a role in the health and well-being of its students through the physical activity and nutrition opportunities that are available to students on campus. These opportunities can lead students to develop healthy habits and practices during their young adult years so that they will be more likely to continue them throughout their lives. In addition, physical activity and nutrition play a key role in a student's academic success, mental health, and overall life satisfaction, so creating an environment where students can remain healthy will also give them more opportunities to thrive as a student. Because these factors are extremely important, it is essential to understand how students perceive their availability of proper nutrition and exercise on campus. Developing an understanding of how students engage with the resources NSU provides can gain insight on how the campus can improve its environment to achieve better health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate the availability of physical activity opportunities and healthy food options on campus at Northern State University. Student’s feedback through a survey will be used to help gain awareness of areas that need improvement or change to satisfy the student’s health needs. The University can use the results to propose changes that should be implemented for improvements to student’s opportunities to achieve healthy living. This experiment will take place at the end of the Spring 2025 semester at a small midwestern university. IRB approval will be requested and approved before the experiment begins. Once the project gains approval, a survey will be sent out to all of the Resident Advisors of every dorm of the campus, and each RA will be asked to share the survey with every individual on their floor. Participants of this study are limited to individuals who live on campus and attend the university. Students of all ages, races, ethnicities, and genders will be invited to participate in filling out the survey. Each participant will be asked if they understand that their participation in the survey will remain anonymous and that their feedback will be used to determine the health opportunities on their campus. The survey will be open for two weeks, and all students who live on campus will have the opportunity to participate in the survey. It was created from a similar study performed by Sowers et al., 2017. The survey was transferred to a google forms document so that it could be easily sent to students on campus. It will gain insight on the quality and availability of water on campus, the nutrition opportunities available on campus and in the cafeteria, and the access to exercise opportunities on campus. Students who participate will answer demographic questions that are multiple choice or short answer, and their survey responses will be answered on a Likert scale. The hypothesis is that students who have dietary restrictions due to religion, health reasons, or personal preference will be the least satisfied with the health opportunities on campus, and students who are from in-state will be the most satisfied with health opportunities on campus. The data will be analyzed based on the results of the survey. The Likert scale will help determine students’ overall satisfaction with the health opportunities that are provided to them. In addition to an overall satisfaction or dissatisfaction with health opportunities on the campus of the university, the results will also be compared to the demographic factors to assess variance in results among different groups of people. 

Brennan Phillips, Drew Benson, Hunter Brown: Consumer Behavior

Our purpose for this project is to get a better understanding on why people choose sit down restaurants and why they choose a particular restaurant over another. In most towns and cities, there are multiple different establishments that offer very similar food and beverage choices but some are much more popular than others. We wonder why that is and whether cost, experience, atmosphere, or a nostalgic feel, has a role in it? Our three influences on consumer behavior are price, customer service, and reputation. 
We conducted our research by using a survey with questions regarding our three influences on consumer behavior. The questions for cost regards influence on prices when trying to decide on what restaurant to go to and if having a coupon or special offer comes into play when deciding. We asked about the atmosphere to get a better understanding on how consumer service affects decision making. For reputation we asked questions on how places you went to growing up affect decision making and how reputation of certain restaurants affect decision making. 
Throughout our main research our surveys have found that people tend to choose sit down restaurants based on cost and experience. People love to prioritize time and budget for the kind of product they are looking for. When a restaurant has a good reputation and solid reviews our participants in the survey prefer that. Brand reputation is big. People are most likely to choose a familiar, trusted chain or local favorite based on positive past experiences or the restaurant's reputation in the community.  Excellent service may be a deciding factor from our research. Friendly, attentive, and prompt service often results in positive experiences that encourage repeat visits. We expected these results based on the fact we mostly got a testing pool of college students and younger adults. 
This survey matters because restaurants can use this data to better understand their target market. Restaurants normally focus on one of these three influences when advertising their company but now they will know which one is most important to them. Some companies may not need to reduce their prices in order to get more customers and if they know that they could increase their revenue. A survey like this could make or break a company that is not making money and needs more customers quickly. 
 

Morgan Sheldon, Eric Pulis, George Nora: Heavy metal contamination using ICP-OES Analysis in Moccasin Creek Aberdeen, South Dakota

Moccasin Creek has historically been an essential natural resource in Aberdeen, SD for transportation, fishing, canoeing, and other recreational activities. The creek also serves as a vital ecosystem supporting biodiversity and providing habitats for aquatic life. However, concerns about its aesthetic degradation and unpleasant odor have raised questions about potential risks to aquatic organisms and plants surrounding the creek. This study aims to assess the creek’s water quality by testing water samples from five locations along Moccasin Creek for a total of five months. Sampling was done monthly to detect trace elements, and heavy metal contamination. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to detect and quantify elemental concentrations. Seasonal variation was monitored September 2024 to January 2025 and showed higher concentrations of selected elements likely due to evaporation and reduced dilution. Monitoring water quality is crucial for maintaining the health of aquatic organisms and surrounding plants that are directly influenced. Results indicated elevated levels of Manganese, Sodium, Sulfur, Phosphorus, and other elements that suggest natural weathering, industrial runoff, and potential contamination from human activities. The presence of Potassium, Lead, and Cadmium can accumulate in water from agricultural practices, industry, and human activities can lead to reduced biodiversity in the area. By identifying potential contamination sources and assessing seasonal variations, this research aims to contribute to ongoing conservation efforts and provide insight into the broader implications of water pollution on local ecosystems. This can assess the effectiveness of any restoration projects by tracking changes in chemical composition in the water to predict trends before they lead to significant ecological damage. Toxic algae blooms, oxygen depletion, acidification, and sediment pollution are all types of damage that can influence chemical composition.

Alexus N. Townsend and Jessica L. Downs- Talmage: Hot vs. cold bath on ankle mobility and vertical jump performance of collegiate athletes

Current literature shows a positive correlation between ankle mobility and vertical jump performance. Patti et al. (2024) found that greater ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) is linked to increased jump height, highlighting the importance of ankle mobility for enhanced performance and reduced injury risk. Athletes often use cold water baths for post-exercise recovery. However, recent studies (Tipton, 2021; Macedo, 2014) suggest cold baths decrease muscle activity and force production, raising concerns for athletes with consecutive events. This study aims to compare the effects of hot vs. cold baths on ankle mobility and vertical jump performance. Participants will complete ankle ROM and vertical jump testing. Bilateral ankle ROM will be measured using a digital inclinometer placed on the shank. Vertical jumps will be recorded with motion capture cameras and force plates. After a warm-up trial, participants will perform two recorded jump tests. They will then undergo a 10-minute lower-extremity submersion in either a hot or cold bath. Following the bath, ankle ROM and vertical jump tests will be repeated. The study hypothesizes that hot baths will enhance ankle mobility and jump performance due to increased muscle elasticity, while cold baths will decrease muscle activity and force production, impairing performance. For athletes considering hot or cold bath modalities, cold baths are likely to reduce ankle ROM, potentially limiting performance. Conversely, hot baths may improve ankle ROM and jump performance. Studies (Magini, 2010; Tipton, 2021; Macedo, 2014) have shown reduced dorsiflexion force following cold exposure, but limited research compares both modalities' direct impact on ankle mobility and jump height.

Ella Blake, Caden Robbins, WonHui Moon: Soda Consumer Behavior Project 

The purpose of this study is to examine the consumer behavior patterns that influence soda purchases, specifically focusing on impulsive buying, brand attachment, and addictive consumption. The soda industry is a multibillion-dollar market that focuses on consumer psychology to encourage frequent and often unplanned purchases. Understanding these behaviors is important, as they contribute to both market success and potentially unhealthy consumption patterns. To explore this topic, an electronic survey will be conducted, targeting consumers aged 18-25, with hopes to receive over 100 responses. The survey includes questions measuring impulsive purchasing tendencies, emotional connections to brands, and signs of addictive consumption. The questions aimed to identify how external factors like product placement, promotions, and sensory appeal influence unplanned soda purchases. The answers will help us understand the significance of soda purchasing. The study is expected to reveal that impulsive purchasing is common, often triggered by in-store displays, discounts, and the accessibility of soda in high-traffic areas. Brand attachment is anticipated to drive consumer loyalty, with hopes that participants show a strong preference for familiar brands like Coca-Cola or Pepsi. Additionally, the findings are likely to highlight patterns of addictive consumption, with respondents indicating difficulty reducing their soda intake due to caffeine cravings or habits that can’t be beat. By analyzing these behaviors, this study aims to provide insights into why consumers buy soda, whether through emotional connection, impulse, or addictive tendencies. The results may help inform both marketing strategies and public health discussions, helping companies understand their customers better while also raising awareness about how marketing and cravings influence soda consumption. 

Kaden Boettcher, Nick Hogan, Donovan Knecht: Off Campus Living Behaviors

When and where a person chooses to live is based on many factors. Some factors include location, quality, convenience, and more. These behavior patterns affect a student's decision-making process when choosing to live off campus. The purpose of our research is to measure the level of behavior patterns such as materialism, vanity, and self-control among students and non-students. To better understand these behaviors, we built a survey with questions that are designed to measure a respondent’s level of materialism, vanity, and self-control. This survey was meant to be sent primarily to students at NSU, but anyone can take this quiz and contribute useful data to be analyzed. We formatted this survey in a way that makes it easy to complete in a timely manner. Students who live off campus face different sets of challenges than those who live on campus. We expect to see differences in levels of vanity, materialism, and self-control between these groups. We believe students who live on campus have higher levels of materialism and lower levels of self-control. We expect students who have never lived on campus or don’t live on campus to have higher levels of vanity and self-control but lower levels of materialism. Understanding these behavior patterns and who they are affecting can help us understand why students would want to live on or off campus. These results can be used for NSU or housing programs as a reference to understanding people's values. Adjustments can be made to accommodate the newer generations' values and behaviors. With these results, we can make assumptions on where or how a consumer could live that would be the best fit for their values.

Jenna G. Helms, Jessica L Downs-Talmage: On track dynamics: Examining hip range of motion and strength in track and field athletes

Hip range of motion (HRM) and lower extremity strength are key factors in track and field (T&F) athlete performance. Research indicates that approximately 70% of T&F athletes experience an overuse injury (Ferber et al., 2009). Additionally, previous studies have observed that athletes with limited HRM exhibit reduced flexibility and altered biomechanics, which contribute to injury and pain (Gleim & McHugh, 1997). However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the relationship between HRM and lower extremity strength in T&F athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold; (1) examine the relationship between HRM and lower limb strength in T&F athletes, and (2) compare strength and HRM between athletes experiencing current pain and those without pain. 16 DII T&F athletes were recruited for this study. Bilateral hip internal and external range of motion (ROM) and bilateral quadriceps, hamstring, hip abductor, and hip adductor strength test were administered to all participants. A health history questionnaire was also administered to determine pain and no pain groups. Correlation test was used to investigate purpose one. For purpose two, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to determine any group differences between the pain and no-pain group. Results revealed a significant negative correlation between left hip adduction strength and right hip internal ROM (r = -.495, p = .044) and left hip internal ROM (r = -.532, p = .028). Additionally, the MANOVA revealed a significant group difference in left hip external ROM between the groups (p = .040). Specifically, the pain group had significantly less left hip external ROM. These results suggest that optimal hip ROM may fall within a specific range to balance performance and reduce injury risk. The negative correlation between left hip adduction strength and limited internal ROM suggests a potential trade-off between strength and mobility, which may impact biomechanics and injury susceptibility. Additionally, reduced left hip external ROM in the pain group highlights the importance of external rotation mobility in mitigating pain and preventing injury. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the relationship between hip ROM, strength, and injury risk.

Kayleen Hermans: Fun Through the Ages

Play is a fundamental part of the human experience, shaping cognitive, social, and emotional development. By exploring the different types of play, we gain a deeper understanding of its significance in fostering individual growth and its wide-ranging benefits. From early solitary activities to later cooperative play, this presentation examines the relationship between creativity and effective play. Additionally, we will discuss how to create environments that nurture child autonomy, emphasizing the importance of a creative pedagogy in encouraging exploration and self-directed learning.

Karli Klein, Amy Dolan, and Eric Pulis: Molecular Detection of Haemogregarina spp. from Painted Turtle (Chrysemys pica) Blood

Painted Turtles (Chrysemys pica) have an extensive northern range which may subject them to differing parasites that have been documented in more easterly and southerly populations in North America. Haemogregarina spp. (Apicomplexa) are obligate, unicellular, intracellular, eukaryotic turtle blood parasites. The life cycle of Haemogregarina spp. alternates between a blood sucking invertebrate such as a leech as the definitive host and a vertebrate intermediate host such as turtles where asexual reproduction takes place. Blood parasites in the northeast South Dakota painted turtle population are understudied and overlooked. Archived blood samples from ~30 painted turtles will be screened using quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) and specific primers to identify parasitized samples. Nested PCR will be used to amplify DNA for sequencing to identify the species present and their prevalence. Through the testing of blood samples, it is expected to find Haemogregarina spp. infecting the red blood cells of painted turtles. The obtained sequences can then be compared to those that have been accessioned into GenBank to estimate relationships and possibly identify lineages. This will be the first documentation of these parasites in northeastern South Dakota painted turtles and will provide important information that can be referenced by future researchers.

Andi Mehrer, Carter Moller, Kyanna Collymore: Groceries Impulsiveness, Brand Loyalty and Frugality

This study examined grocery shopping behaviors. Specifically, it explored three key influences on consumer decision making: financial constraints, promotional strategies and brand perceptions. The research seeks to understand how consumers prioritize grocery purchases whether they use impulse buying, brand loyalty or frugality. To gather insights, a survey has been conducted assessing the respondents based on these three theories. Consumers on a budget prioritize essential grocery items while impulse buying is expected based on in-store promotions leading to unplanned purchases. Additionally, while some shoppers prefer well-known national brands, many may choose based on affordability and quality rather than brand recognition alone. Understanding consumer grocery shopping habits can benefit both marketers and shoppers. Consumers can use these insights to develop better budgeting and shopping strategies while retailers can tailor promotional efforts to influence purchasing decisions. The expected findings would suggest which individuals utilize any or all of the three influences of consumer behavior mentioned as well as contribute a better understanding of these habits.

Rylie Reading, George Nora, Eric Pulis: Avian Chemotaxonomy: A comparative analysis of muscle, hepatic, nervous, and renal tissue chemical profiles in South Dakota Galliformes

Wild game birds are an important economic driver in South Dakota and their health and the health of those that consume them could be impaired due to heavy metal in the tissues. We will investigate the presence and concentrations of heavy metals and chemical contaminants in grouse, prairie chickens, and pheasants from South Dakota. Utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and an SPS 4 Autosampler, the study examines tissue samples—specifically from the liver, kidney, meat, and brain—of these bird species to identify toxic elements specifically lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Through this research, we aim to assess the environmental health and potential risks posed by contamination of wildlife, contributing to conservation efforts and potentially identifying heavy metal sources whether they be natural or anthropogenic. The study also holds significant value for Northern State University, strengthening ties with the local community and advancing environmental stewardship and research. The outcomes of this project will provide crucial insights into wildlife safety and ecosystem quality, offering practical guidance for hunters and policymakers in South Dakota.

Katelyn Witte, Amy Dolan, Eric Pulis:  Examining the prevalence of Haemogregarina spp. in Chrysemys picta

The Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) is widely distributed across North America and its parasitic fauna has been relatively understudied on the Northern Plains compared to other regions. This study aims to address this gap by examining the prevalence and parasitemia of hemogregarine infections in turtle red blood cells (RBCs) using light microscopy from blood smears. Hemogregarines are apicomplexan parasites with a complex life cycle involving both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Sexual reproduction occurs in blood-feeding invertebrates, such as leeches, while asexual replication occurs in the vertebrate host, in this case, the Painted Turtle. To assess infection rates, RBCs from sampled turtles will be examined using high-magnification microscopy and digital imaging in the NJSC imaging laboratory. Each slide will be analyzed across multiple fields of view, counting between 5,000 and 10,000 RBCs to determine infection prevalence and parasitemia. Infected RBCs will be characterized based on established morphological criteria. Positive samples will be confirmed using PCR and subsequent sequencing of the 18S small subunit rDNA. Resulting positive smears will be archived at a lending museum and sequences will be submitted to GenBank. This research will provide valuable insights into the hemogregarine parasites of Painted Turtles in the Northern Plains, contributing to our understanding of parasite distribution, infection dynamics, and genetic diversity.

Jessica Bertsch: Burnout Among College Students

Burnout among college students is an increasingly prevalent issue, characterized by emotional exhaustion, mental fatigue, and a diminished sense of personal accomplishment. This study examines the factors contributing to student burnout, its impact on academic performance and well-being, and whether it should be recognized within disability service frameworks. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines a cross-sectional survey measuring burnout levels and academic outcomes with qualitative interviews exploring students' personal experiences. Findings are expected to reveal significant correlations between burnout, academic impairment, and mental health challenges, highlighting the need for institutional interventions. The study also investigates the potential role of disability accommodations, such as flexible deadlines and reduced course loads, in mitigating burnout’s effects. By framing burnout as a condition that warrants institutional support, this research aims to inform policy changes that enhance student well-being and academic success.

Simon M Bickford: Spatial analysis of neuronal p-tau protein aggregation post-axonal injury: a basis for the understanding of tauopathy progression

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases identified by aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein deposits in the brain. These “neurofibrillary tangles” are the root cause of many neurological disorders, such as Pick’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and are a defining factor in the development of the neuritic plaques that cause Alzheimer’s disease. While the role of p-tau in tauopathies is quite well understood, the process in which hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of the protein occurs is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this research is to better understand the enzymatic interactions involved in tau aggregation in real time by way of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), in which hyperphosphorylation of tau occurs following axonal degradation due to traumatic brain injury (TBI), was selected as a model disease. Cells of the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma line were cultured and differentiated into cholinergic-like neuronal cells. These cell cultures were then tagged with immunofluorescent antibodies for p-tau, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and ubiquitin. Cell cultures were then subjected to forces similar to those experienced in TBI in order to induce axonal degradation and p-tau aggregation. Immediately following impact, the cells were observed via confocal microscopy every 2 hour over 12 hours. The resulting observations hope to better predict the enzymatic activity and location involved in p-tau aggregation, as well as to indicate a window of time in which interventional care may be provided following traumatic brain injury. This understanding of tauopathic progression may also translate to other tauopathies.

Jaron Gross: Building Harmony: Creating a Strong Foundation for the Music Educator

Music educators face ever-evolving challenges in the classroom, and music teacher education programs struggle to keep up. Teacher candidates enter the classroom for the first time often feeling overwhelmed and underprepared. They lack the skills and tools they need to lead a well-structured rehearsal, and the confidence to maintain an orderly classroom environment. This study serves as an exploration of a new program in music education at Northern State University, a Conductor’s Ensemble, and the development of a rehearsal structure that sends teacher candidates to the podium with poise and confidence. Through an initial trial period in the Northern Music Program, a literature review, and multiple case studies in a student teaching practicum, this study has developed a practical guide to rehearsal technique for the teacher candidate. This calls for the development and implementation of a Conductor’s Ensemble, and the further development of rehearsal technique in the music teacher education program.

Alexis Martin: The Emotional Impact of Music in the Film Industry

This study analyzes the emotional impact that music has on film and the capacity in which it affects individuals depending on their background. It researches emotional highs and lows across all film and music genres, allowing the subjects to interpret their personal feelings through a series of questions rated one to five with a prompt. Reading through articles about sound vibration, having Zoom meetings with film composers like Justin Durban, listening to seminars about music therapy and the effects that pitches and vibrations can have on the central nervous system, and, my favorite part, watching countless movies and film clips to further my research. Working with my mentor, Micheal Skyles, we have had countless meetings, read countless articles, and conducted our research. The research we conducted consisted of an intro questionnaire and a set of 5 questions per film clip (55 total questions); each film clip is shown twice, once with music and once without, allowing the subjects to base the strength of their emotional response on whether the music had any affect to each scene. The strengths of this study have included allowing for quantitative data as well as qualitative data to be gathered and gaining knowledge about the individual human experience; the weaknesses have been that each experience is individual, so there may be a higher probability of outliers, and putting together a small beginning and exit survey had required some perfecting before the study was done. Particularly in the film industry, I believe that this will help directors, film scorers, and composers understand the true effect that their art has on an audience. As a result, this project could ultimately be expanded upon and be looked at from a different lens to understand the vibrations and frequencies of music and its effect on the nervous system.

Matt Scepaniak: Managing Conflict in Sports: Exploring conflict resolution strategies in High School Coaches

Conflict in athletics is inevitable, and coaches need conflict resolution skills to manage safe and effective sports environments (Bidel et al., 2014). Aspen Institute conducted a national survey of coaches and found that 61% of coaches indicate an interest in receiving conflict resolution training (Anderson-Butcher & Bates, 2022). Conflict can arise from multiple aspects including coaching choices, parent perspectives, and miscommunication (Maši̇Ć et al., 2021). Only 31% of coaches feel confident in resolving interpersonal conflict on a team (Anderson-Butcher & Bates, 2022). Research shows that coaches engage in conflict prevention strategies such as building relationships with athletes and creating a safe environment (Wachsmuth et al., 2017).  The purpose of this study is to explore youth athletic coaches’ perspectives when handling conflict with athletes and parents. The study will be carried out using a mixed-methods approach with regionally located high school coaches. Regional High School coaches would be recruited and sent an electronic survey and invitation for interview. The survey includes the Conflict Styles Questionnaire (Northouse, 2015), Coaching Issue Survey (Kelley & Baghurst, 2009) and the Conflict Management and Prevention subscales of the Coach-Athlete relationship Maintenance Questionnaire (CARM-Q – Rhind & Jowett, 2012). Coaches who volunteer to be interviewed will be contacted to schedule a zoom interview. Interviews will be semi-structured and consist of eight questions that will elaborate on their conflict situations and resolution skills. Interviews will be analyzed using qualitative coding. Survey data will be analyzed according to the factors in the validated survey. Pearson’s R correlation and regression analysis will be used to assess the quantitative data. The anticipated results are that a coach’s conflict style should align with conflict management and prevention strategies. Additionally, based on previous research, the coaching issue survey will indicate stressors involving parents, athletes, and coaching choices. The impact of this study can provide meaningful information to sporting organizations to support training related to conflict management resolutions. Coaches' confidence in conflict resolution management can improve the sporting experience of youth.    

Chit Snow: Rethinking Testing: Addressing the Bias in Learning Disability Evaluations for English Language Learner Student

With the recent increase in the immigrant and refugee population in the United States of America, the education system has seen a growth in English Language Learners in classrooms. This has led to an increase in students not fluent in English and their native language. The education system uses psychological tests to evaluate English Language Learner (ELL) students if they have learning disabilities. However, educators face significant challenges in assessing English Language Learner (ELL) students for learning disabilities when these students are not fluent in either English or their primary language. This necessitates the development of culturally and linguistically appropriate assessment methods to ensure accurate identification and support. Investigating how educators can assess ELL students for learning disabilities helps the students receive the proper accommodations and support and prevents any hindrance to their academic growth.

Christian T. Wells: The Discovery of Promising Macrolide Antibiotic Molecules through Nucleophilic Addition Reactions with H NMR and C NMR Verification 

This research aims to discover new macrolide antibiotics due to the rise of antibiotic resistance, as a significant portion of the population is intolerant to penicillin. The first part of the research deals with reacting erythromycin with morpholine and propylamine to see if a reaction occurred. Erythromycin and the two reactions were verified by H NMR spectroscopy to be three different molecules in which, according to published information, the two reactions with erythromycin synthesized molecules that have not been made before. The second part compares the antibiotic activity of erythromycin (positive control), the two novel molecules, and dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control). My results show that the two new molecules are better in antibacterial activity against 4 of the 6 bacteria cultures than erythromycin. The third part of the current research looks into using thin-layer chromatography to compare polarities of erythromycin and the morpholine-erythromycin derivative, a step to move towards purifying the substance. Attempts were made to utilize Biotage, an automatic column chromatographer machine, to purify the macrolide antibiotic, but these attempts were unsuccessful. The research concludes with C NMR analysis and DEPT analysis of the morpholine-erythromycin derivative. The final step of the research is to purify the molecule for a final analysis with x-ray crystallography. 

Joshua Wakefield: Developing a Digestion Method for Elm River Fish to Assess Mercury Levels by ICP-OES

Various parts of fish samples from the Elm River were collected to assess mercury concentration – a contaminate known to causes neurodegenerative diseases in animals and disrupts metabolic processes in plants. The goal of this research is to find an effective digestion method for organic samples to be used in ICP-OES analysis and potentially determine a range of mercury concentration in the samples. This is accomplished using both microwave and oven digestion vessels. The microwave vessel enables rapid digestion of less dense organic samples, while the metal, oven-safe vessel is used to digest the fattier portions of the organic sample, thereby minimizing any unwanted reactions. Microwave digestion proved to be effective but tedious with a higher risk of pressure release. The oven digestion vessel was highly effective and highly controlled, meaning more consistency through samples. Samples were run through ICP-OES and generally samples fell below the concentration standards (1ppm to 10ppm). Additional instrumentation such as a Vapor Generation Accessory may be needed to obtain accurate readings for such low concentration of this analyte. Overall, the development of a suitable digestion method for organic samples is mostly successful; however, more testing will need to be done with samples from the Elm River to ensure mercury concentration is at a safe level.